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Environmental resource management is the management of the interaction and impact of human societies on the environment. It is not, as the phrase might suggest, the management of the environment itself. Environmental resources management aims to ensure that ecosystem services are protected and maintained for future human generations, and also maintain ecosystem integrity through considering ethical, economic, and scientific (ecological) variables.[1] Environmental resource management tries to identify factors affected by conflicts that rise between meeting needs and protecting resources.[2] It is thus linked to environmental protection, sustainability and integrated landscape management.

Significance[edit]

Environmental resource management is an issue of increasing concern, as reflected in its prevalence in seminal texts influencing global sociopolitical frameworks such as the Brundtland Commission's Our Common Future,[3] which highlighted the integrated nature of environment and international development and the Worldwatch Institute's annual State of the World reports.

The environment determines the nature of people, animals, plants, and places around the Earth, affecting behaviour, religion, culture and economic practices.

Scope[edit]

Environmental resource management can be viewed from a variety of perspectives. It involves the management of all components of the biophysical environment, both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic), and the relationships among all living species and their habitats. The environment also involves the relationships of the human environment, such as the social, cultural and economic environment, with the biophysical environment. The essential aspects of environmental resource management are ethical, economical, social, and technological. These underlie principles and help make decisions.

The concept of environmental determinism, probabilism and possibilism are significant in the concept of environmental resource management.

Environmental resource management covers many areas in science, including geography, biology, social sciences, political sciences, public policy, ecology, physics, chemistry, sociology, psychology, and physiology.

Aspects[edit]

Ethical[edit]

Environmental resource management strategies are intrinsically driven by conceptions of human-nature relationships.[4] Ethical aspects involve the cultural and social issues relating to the environment, and dealing with changes to it. "All human activities take place in the context of certain types of relationships between society and the bio-physical world (the rest of nature),"[5] and so, there is a great significance in understanding the ethical values of different groups around the world. Broadly speaking, two schools of thought exist in environmental ethics: Anthropocentrism and Ecocentrism, each influencing a broad spectrum of environmental resource management styles along a continuum.[4] These styles perceive "different evidence, imperatives, and problems, and prescribe different solutions, strategies, technologies, roles for economic sectors, culture, governments, and ethics, etc."[5]

Anthropocentrism[edit]

Main article: Anthropocentrism

Anthropocentrism, "an inclination to evaluate reality exclusively in terms of human values,"[6] is an ethic reflected in the major interpretations of Western religions and the dominant economic paradigms of the industrialised world.[4] Anthropocentrism looks at nature as existing solely for the benefit of humans, and as a commodity to use for the good of humanity and to improve human quality of life.[7][8][9] Anthropocentric environmental resource management is therefore not the conservation of the environment solely for the environment's sake, but rather the conservation of the environment, and ecosystem structure, for humans' sake.

Ecocentrism[edit]

Main article: Ecocentrism

Ecocentrists believe in the intrinsic value of nature while maintaining that human beings must use and even exploit nature to survive and live.[10] It is this fine ethical line that ecocentrists navigate between fair use and abuse.[10] At an extreme of the ethical scale, ecocentrism includes philosophies such as ecofeminism and deep ecology, which evolved as a reaction to dominant anthropocentric paradigms.[4] "In its current form, it is an attempt to synthesize many old and some new philosophical attitudes about the relationship between nature and human activity, with particular emphasis on ethical, social, and spiritual aspects that have been downplayed in the dominant economic worldview."[11]

Economics[edit]

The economy functions within, and is dependent upon goods and services provided by natural ecosystems.[12] The role of the environment is recognized in both classical economics and neoclassical economics theories, yet the environment was a lower priority in economic policies from to due to emphasis from policy makers on economic growth.[12] With the prevalence of environmental problems, many economists embraced the notion that, "If environmental sustainability must coexist for economic sustainability, then the overall system must [permit] identification of an equilibrium between the environment and the economy."[13] As such, economic policy makers began to incorporate the functions of the natural environment—or natural capital — particularly as a sink for wastes and for the provision of raw materials and amenities.[14]

Debate continues among economists as to how to account for natural capital, specifically whether resources can be replaced through knowledge and technology, or whether the environment is a closed system that cannot be replenished and is finite.[15] Economic models influence environmental resource management, in that management policies reflect beliefs about natural capital scarcity. For someone who believes natural capital is infinite and easily substituted, environmental management is irrelevant to the economy.[4] For example, economic paradigms based on neoclassical models of closed economic systems are primarily concerned with resource scarcity, and thus prescribe legalizing the environment as an economic externality for an environmental resource management strategy.[4] This approach has often been termed 'Command-and-control'.[4] Colby has identified trends in the development of economic paradigms, among them, a shift towards more ecological economics since the s.[4]

Ecology[edit]

"The pairing of significant uncertainty about the behaviour and response of ecological systems with urgent calls for near-term action constitutes a difficult reality, and a common lament" for many environmental resource managers.[16] Scientific analysis of the environment deals with several dimensions of ecological uncertainty.[17] These include: structural uncertainty resulting from the misidentification, or lack of information pertaining to the relationships between ecological variables; parameter uncertainty referring to "uncertainty associated with parameter values that are not known precisely but can be assessed and reported in terms of the likelihood…of experiencing a defined range of outcomes";[18] and stochastic uncertainty stemming from chance or unrelated factors.[17]Adaptive management[19][20] is considered a useful framework for dealing with situations of high levels of uncertainty[21] though it is not without its detractors.[22]

A common scientific concept and impetus behind environmental resource management is carrying capacity. Simply put, carrying capacity refers to the maximum number of organisms a particular resource can sustain. The concept of carrying capacity, whilst understood by many cultures over history, has its roots in Malthusian theory. An example is visible in the EU Water Framework Directive. However, "it is argued that Western scientific knowledge is often insufficient to deal with the full complexity of the interplay of variables in environmental resource management.[23][24] These concerns have been recently addressed by a shift in environmental resource management approaches to incorporate different knowledge systems including traditional knowledge,[25] reflected in approaches such as adaptive co-management[26][27][28] community-based natural resource management[29][30] and transitions management.[31] among others.[25]

Sustainability[edit]

Main article: Sustainability and environmental management

Sustainability in environmental resource management involves managing economic, social, and ecological systems both within and outside an organizational entity so it can sustain itself and the system it exists in.[32][33] In context, sustainability implies that rather than competing for endless growth on a finite planet, development improves quality of life without necessarily consuming more resources.[34] Sustainably managing environmental resources requires organizational change that instills sustainability values that portrays these values outwardly from all levels and reinforces them to surrounding stakeholders.[32][33] The end result should be a symbiotic relationship between the sustaining organization, community, and environment.

Many drivers compel environmental resource management to take sustainability issues into account. Today's economic paradigms do not protect the natural environment, yet they deepen human dependency on biodiversity and ecosystem services.[35] Ecologically, massive environmental degradation[36][37] and climate change[38][39] threaten the stability of ecological systems that humanity depends on.[33][40] Socially, an increasing gap between rich and poor and the global North-South divide denies many access to basic human needs, rights, and education, leading to further environmental destruction.[33][40][41][42] The planet's unstable condition is caused by many anthropogenic sources.[38] As an exceptionally powerful contributing factor to social and environmental change, the modern organisation has the potential to apply environmental resource management with sustainability principals to achieve highly effective outcomes.[32][33] To achieve sustainable development with environmental resource management an organisation should work within sustainability principles, including social and environmental accountability, long-term planning; a strong, shared vision; a holistic focus; devolved and consensus decision making; broad stakeholder engagement and justice; transparency measures; trust; and flexibility.[32][33][43]

Current paradigm shifts[edit]

To adjust to today's environment of quick social and ecological changes, some organizations have begun to experiment with new tools and concepts.[44][45] Those that are more traditional and stick to hierarchical decision making have difficulty dealing with the demand for lateral decision making that supports effective participation.[44] Whether it be a matter of ethics or just strategic advantage organizations are internalizing sustainability principles.[45][46] Some of the world's largest and most profitable corporations are shifting to sustainable environmental resource management: Ford, Toyota, BMW, Honda, Shell, Du Pont, Statoil,[47] Swiss Re, Hewlett-Packard, and Unilever, among others.[32][33] An extensive study by the Boston Consulting Group reaching 1, business leaders from diverse regions, job positions, expertise in sustainability, industries, and sizes of organizations, revealed the many benefits of sustainable practice as well as its viability.[46]

It is important to note that though sustainability of environmental resource management has improved,[32][33] corporate sustainability, for one, has yet to reach the majority of global companies operating in the markets.[43] The three major barriers to preventing organizations to shift towards sustainable practice with environmental resource management are not understanding what sustainability is; having difficulty modeling an economically viable case for the switch; and having a flawed execution plan, or a lack thereof.[46] Therefore, the most important part of shifting an organization to adopt sustainability in environmental resource management would be to create a shared vision and understanding of what sustainability is for that particular organization, and to clarify the business case.[46]

Stakeholders[edit]

Public sector[edit]

The public sector comprises the general government sector plus all public corporations including the central bank.[48] In environmental resource management the public sector is responsible for administering natural resource management and implementing environmental protection legislation.[2][49] The traditional role of the public sector in environmental resource management is to provide professional judgement through skilled technicians on behalf of the public.[44] With the increase of intractable environmental problems, the public sector has been led to examine alternative paradigms for managing environmental resources.[44] This has resulted in the public sector working collaboratively with other sectors (including other governments, private and civil) to encourage sustainable natural resource management behaviours.[49]

Private sector[edit]

The private sector comprises private corporations and non-profit institutions serving households.[50] The private sector's traditional role in environmental resource management is that of the recovery of natural resources.[51] Such private sector recovery groups include mining (minerals and petroleum), forestry and fishery organisations.[51] Environmental resource management undertaken by the private sectors varies dependent upon the resource type, that being renewable or non-renewable and private and common resources (also see Tragedy of the Commons).[51]Environmental managers from the private sector also need skills to manage collaboration within a dynamic social and political environment.[44]

Civil society[edit]

Civil society comprises associations in which societies voluntarily organise themselves into and which represent a wide range of interests and ties.[52] These can include community-based organisations, indigenous peoples' organisations and non-government organisations (NGO).[52] Functioning through strong public pressure, civil society can exercise their legal rights against the implementation of resource management plans, particularly land management plans.[44] The aim of civil society in environmental resource management is to be included in the decision-making process by means of public participation.[44] Public participation can be an effective strategy to invoke a sense of social responsibility of natural resources.[44]

Tools[edit]

As with all management functions, effective management tools, standards and systems are required. An environmental management standard or system or protocol attempts to reduce environmental impact as measured by some objective criteria. The ISO standard is the most widely used standard for environmental risk management and is closely aligned to the European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). As a common auditing standard, the ISO standard explains how to combine this with quality management.

Other environmental management systems (EMS) tend to be based on the ISO standard and many extend it in various ways:

Other strategies exist that rely on making simple distinctions rather than building top-down management "systems" using performance audits and full cost accounting. For instance, Ecological Intelligent Design divides products into consumables, service products or durables and unsaleables — toxic products that no one should buy, or in many cases, do not realize they are buying. By eliminating the unsaleables from the comprehensive outcome of any purchase, better environmental resource management is achieved without systems.

Recent successful cases have put forward the notion of integrated management. It shares a wider approach and stresses out the importance of interdisciplinary assessment. It is an interesting notion that might not be adaptable to all cases.[54]

Journals[edit]

  • Ambiente & Sociedade, Print version ISSN X, On-line version ISSN
  • Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, ISSN&#;X
  • Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, ISSN&#; (electronic) (paper), John Wiley & Sons
  • Environmental Management, Springer Science+Business Media
  • Environmental Practice, ISSN&#; (electronic) (paper), Cambridge University Press
  • Environmental Quality Management, ISSN&#; (electronic) (paper), John Wiley & Sons
  • Journal of Cleaner Production, ISSN:
  • Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, ISSN
  • Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, ISSN&#; (electronic) (paper), Routledge
  • Journal of Environmental Management, ISSN&#;, Elsevier
  • Environmental Values

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Pahl-Wost, C. (May ). "The implications of complexity for integrated resource management". Environmental Modelling and Software. 22 (5): –9. doi/999essays.comt&#;
  2. ^ abUehara, Thiago Hector Kanashiro; Otero, Gabriela Gomes Prol; Martins, Euder Glendes Andrade; Philippi Jr, Arlindo; Mantovani, Waldir (June ). "Pesquisas em gestão ambiental: análise de sua evolução na Universidade de São Paulo". Ambiente & Sociedade. 13 (1): – doi/sx ISSN&#;X.&#;
  3. ^World Commission on Environment and Development (2 August ). "Our Common Future, Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development". Development and International Co-operation: Environment. United Nations. General Assembly document A/42/&#;
  4. ^ abcdefghColby, M.E. (September ). "Environmental management in development: the evolution of paradigms". Ecological Economics. 3 (3): – doi/(91)A.&#;
  5. ^ abColby , p.&#;
  6. ^"Anthropocentrism". WordNet Search — . Princeton University.&#;
  7. ^White L (March ). "The historical roots of our ecologic crisis". Science. (): –7. doi/science PMID&#;&#;
  8. ^Berman, Morris (). The Reenchantment of the World. Cornell University Press. ISBN&#; Retrieved 31 October &#;
  9. ^Pepper, David; Perkins, John W.; Youngs, Martyn J. (). The Roots of Modern Environmentalism. Croom Helm. ISBN&#;&#;
  10. ^ abPurser, R.; Montuori, A. (July ). "Ecocentrism is in the eye of the beholder". Acad. Manage. Rev. 21: –3. doi/AMR&#;
  11. ^Colby , p.&#;
  12. ^ abThampapillai, Dodo J. (). Environmental economics: concepts, methods, and policies. Oxford University Press. ISBN&#;&#;
  13. ^Thampapillai , p.&#;21
  14. ^Kneese, Allen V.; Ayres, Robert U.; D'Arge, Ralph C. (). Economics and the environment: a materials balance approach. Resources for the Future; distributed by the Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore. ISBN&#;&#;
  15. ^Daly, Herman E.; Cobb, John B. Jr (). For The Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future. Beacon Press. ISBN&#;&#;
  16. ^Arvai, Gregory & Ohlson , p.&#;
  17. ^ abArvai, J.; Gregory, R.; Ohlson, D. (December ). "Deconstructing Adaptive Management: Criteria for Applications to Environmental Management". Ecological Applications. 16 (6): – doi/()[DAMCFA]CO;2. PMID&#;&#;
  18. ^Arvai, Gregory & Ohlson , p.&#;
  19. ^Walters, Carl J. (). Adaptive management of renewable resources. Macmillan. ISBN&#;&#;
  20. ^United Nations Environment Programme (). Holling, C.S., ed. Adaptive environmental assessment and management. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. ISBN&#;&#;
  21. ^Gunderson, Lance H.; Holling, C.S., eds. (). Panarchy Synopsis: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems. Island Press. ISBN&#;&#;
  22. ^Walters C, Holling CS (December ). "Large-scale management experiments and learning by doing". Ecology. 71 (6): –8. doi/&#;
  23. ^Johannes RE (June ). "The case for data-less marine resource management: examples from tropical nearshore finfisheries". Trends Ecol. Evol. 13 (6): –6. doi/S(98) PMID&#;&#;
  24. ^Ludwig, D.; Mangel, M.; Haddad, B. (November ). "Ecology, conservation, and public policy". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 32: – doi/999essays.coms&#;
  25. ^ abRaymond CM, Fazey I, Reed MS, Stringer LC, Robinson GM, Evely AC (August ). "Integrating local and scientific knowledge for environmental management". J. Environ. Manage. 91 (8): – doi/999essays.comn PMID&#;&#;
  26. ^Folke, C.; Hahn, T.; Olsson, P.; Nordberg, J. (November ). "Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 30: – doi/999essays.com&#;
  27. ^Armitage, D.R.; Berkes, F.; Doubleday, N. (). Adaptive Co-Management: Collaboration, Learning, and Multi-Level Governance. Vancouver: UBC Press. ISBN&#;&#;
  28. ^Berkes F (April ). "Evolution of co-management: role of knowledge generation, bridging organizations and social learning". J. Environ. Manage. 90 (5): – doi/999essays.comn PMID&#;&#;
  29. ^Kellert, S.R.; Mehta, J.N.; Ebbin, S.A.; Lichtenfeld, L.L. (). "Community natural resource management: promise, rhetoric and reality". Society and Natural Resources. 13 (8): – doi/&#;
  30. ^Blaikie, P. (November ). "Is small really beautiful? Community-based natural resource management in Malawi and Botswana". World Development. 34 (11): – doi/999essays.comev&#;
  31. ^Geels, F.W. (December ). "Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study". Research Policy. 31 (8–9): – doi/S(02)&#;
  32. ^ abcdefAvery, Gayle C.; Bergsteiner, Harald (). Honeybees and Locusts: The Business Case for Sustainable Leadership. Allen & Unwin. ISBN&#;&#;
  33. ^ abcdefghDunphy, Dexter Colboyd; Griffiths, Andrew; Ben, Suzanne (). Organizational Change for Corporate Sustainability: A Guide for Leaders and Change Agents of the Future (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis.&#;
  34. ^Costanza, Robert (). Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability. Columbia University Press. ISBN&#;&#;
  35. ^Guo Z, Zhang L, Li Y (). "Increased dependence of humans on ecosystem services and biodiversity". PLoS ONE. 5 (10): e doi/999essays.com PMC&#;. PMID&#;&#;
  36. ^Costanza, Robert; Norton, Bryan G.; Haskell, Benjamin D. (). Ecosystem Health: New Goals for Environmental Management. Island Press. ISBN&#;&#;
  37. ^"Environment Management Group: Biodiversity". UNEP 1 . UNEP. 10 August Archived from the original on 15 September &#;
Improved agricultural practices such as these terraces in northwest Iowa can serve to preserve soil and improve water quality
A water harvesting system collects rainwater from the Rock of Gibraltar into pipes that lead to tanks excavated inside the rock.

"Envirotech" redirects here. For the Singapore-based company, see United Envirotech. For the California-based company, see Envirotech (company).

Environmental technology (envirotech), green technology (greentech) or clean technology (cleantech) is the application of one or more of environmental science, green chemistry, environmental monitoring and electronic devices to monitor, model and conserve the natural environment and resources, and to curb the negative impacts of human involvement. The term is also used to describe sustainable energy generation technologies such as photovoltaics, wind turbines, bioreactors, etc. Sustainable development is the core of environmental technologies. The term environmental technologies is also used to describe a class of electronic devices that can promote sustainable management of resources.

Examples[edit]

Main article: Recycling

Renewable energy[edit]

Renewable energy is the energy that can be replenished easily. For years we have been using sources such as wood, sun, water, etc. for means for producing energy. Energy that can be produced by natural objects like wood, sun, wind, etc. is considered to be renewable.

Water purification[edit]

Water purification: The whole idea/concept of having dirt/germ/pollution free water flowing throughout the environment. Many other phenomena lead from this concept of purification of water. Water pollution is the main enemy of this concept, and various campaigns and activists have been organized around the world to help purify water.[1]

Air purification[edit]

Air purification: Basic and common green plants can be grown indoors to keep air fresh because all plants remove CO2 and convert it into oxygen. The best examples are: Dypsis lutescens, Sansevieria trifasciata, and Epipremnum aureum.[2] It should also be noted that besides using the plants themselves, some species of bacteria can also be added to the leaves of these plants to help remove toxic gases, such as toluene[3][4][5]

Sewage treatment[edit]

Sewage treatment is conceptually similar to water purification. Sewage treatments are very important as they purify water per levels of its pollution. The most polluted water is not used for anything, and the least polluted water is supplied to places where water is used affluently. It may lead to various other concepts of environmental protection, sustainability etc.[6]

Environmental remediation[edit]

Environmental remediation is the removal of pollutants or contaminants for the general protection of the environment. This is accomplished by various chemical, biological, and bulk methods.[7]

Solid waste management[edit]

Solid waste management is the purification, consumption, reuse, disposal and treatment of solid waste that is undertaken by the government or the ruling bodies of a city/town.[8]

eGain forecasting[edit]

Egain forecasting is a method using forecasting technology to predict the future weather's impact on a building.[9] By adjusting the heat based on the weather forecast, the system eliminates redundant use of heat, thus reducing the energy consumption and the emission of greenhouse gases.[10]

Energy conservation[edit]

Energy conservation is the utilization of devices that require smaller amounts of energy in order to reduce the consumption of electricity. Reducing the use of electricity causes less fossil fuels to be burned to provide that electricity.

Alternative and clean power[edit]

Principles:

Concerns over pollution and greenhouse gases have spurred the search for sustainable alternatives to our current fuel use. For example, biogas from anaerobic digestion of plant waste can be stored to produce heat or electricity. The global reduction of greenhouse gases requires the adoption of energy conservation as well as sustainable generation. That environmental harm reduction involves global changes such as:

  • reducing air pollution and methane from biomass
  • virtually eliminating fossil fuels for vehicles, heat and electricity, left in the ground.
  • wide spread use of public transport, battery and fuel cell vehicles
  • more wind/solar/water generated electricity
  • reducing peak demands with carbon taxes and time of use pricing.

Since fuel used by industry and transportation account for the majority of world demand, by investing in conservation and efficiency (using less fuel), pollution and greenhouse gases from these two sectors can be reduced around the globe. Advanced energy efficient electric motor (and electric generator) technology that are cost effective to encourage their application, such as variable speed generators and efficient energy use, can reduce the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) that would otherwise be introduced to the atmosphere, if electricity were generated using fossil fuels. Greasestock is an event held yearly in Yorktown Heights, New York which is one of the largest showcases of environmental technology in the United States.[11][12][13][14][15]

Education[edit]

Courses aimed at developing graduates with specific skills in environmental systems or environmental technology are becoming more common and fall into three broads classes:

  • Environmental Engineering or Environmental Systems courses oriented towards a civil engineering approach in which structures and the landscape are constructed to blend with or protect the environment;
  • Environmental chemistry, sustainable chemistry or environmental chemical engineering courses oriented towards understanding the effects (good and bad) of chemicals in the environment. Such awards can focus on mining processes, pollutants and commonly also cover biochemical processes;
  • Environmental technology courses oriented towards producing electronic, electrical or electrotechnology graduates capable of developing devices and artefacts able to monitor, measure, model and control environmental impact, including monitoring and managing energy generation from renewable sources, and developing novel energy generation technologies.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Recycling”. Retrieved June 15th, http://earthcom/recycling/. “999essays.com”. Retrieved June 15th, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on Retrieved &#; “What is Water Purification”. Retrieved June 16th, , 999essays.com[permanent dead link] “Sewage Treatment”. Retrieved June 17th, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on Retrieved &#; “Environmental Remedies and water Resource
  2. ^Kamal Meattle on how to grow fresh airTED (conference)
  3. ^EOS magazine, February ; Azalea's with extra bacteria can help to degrade toluene
  4. ^Diesel fuel degrading bacteria
  5. ^Bacteria on Hedera helix able to help degrade exhaust gases from Diesel engines running on Diesel
  6. ^“Sewage Treatment”. Retrieved June 17th, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on Retrieved &#; “Environmental remedies and water Resource
  7. ^Livescience. Retrieved June 27, top emerging environmental technologies. 999essays.com
  8. ^Retrieved June 16th, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on Retrieved &#; “Urban Waste Management”. Retrieved June 16th, 999essays.com[permanent dead link]
  9. ^Taesler, R. (/91) Climate and Building Energy Management. Energy and Buildings, Vol. , pp -
  10. ^United States Patent Comfort control system incorporating weather forecast data and a method for operating such a system (Inventor Stefan Berglund)
  11. ^Norman, Jim. "Where There’s Never an Oil Shortage". New York Times. May 13,
  12. ^Tillman, Adriane. "Greasestock Festival returns, bigger and betterArchived at the Wayback Machine.". May 14,
  13. ^"Greasestock ". Greasestock. Retrieved May 20,
  14. ^Max, Josh. "Gas-guzzlers become veggie delights at Greasestock in Yorktown Heights". Daily News. May 13,
  15. ^"Greasestock Alternative Fuel, Fun and French FriesArchived at the Wayback Machine.". Natural Awakenings. May

Further reading[edit]

  • OECD Studies on Environmental Innovation Invention and Transfer of Environmental Technologies. OECD. September ISBN&#;&#;

External links[edit]

The Tesla Roadster () was the first all-electric sports car for sale and in serial production. It can completely recharge from the electrical grid in 4 to 48 hours depending on the outlet used.